作者：曹权之
作者介绍：清华大学法学院助理研究员，法学博士
出版日期：2025年12月9日
内容提要 排他性是财产权的本质特征，其作为财产权“本权权利”实现的法律基础与前提条件，是财产权发挥稀缺资源配置作用的决定性因素。构建数据产权制度的核心命题是确立以数据为客体、以有限排他性为本质特征的数据财产权。除交易成本过高等特殊情况外，法律原则上应当为数据提供财产规则保护。在非交易场景中，应当将排他策略作为确定数据保护边界的基本方法。在交易场景中，相较于事实控制保护模式，财产权保护模式可以为数据提供更充分的法律保护。在规范层面，身份认证与访问控制构成数据财产权的第一道保护边界，爬虫限制措施构成适用于公开数据的第二道保护边界。当他人未经数据处理者同意侵入数据财产权排他性的保护范围利用或干涉数据时，数据处理者可以行使返还数据、停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等请求权。基于他人民事权益的法定限制与基于公共利益的法定限制构成数据财产权排他性受法律限制的主要情形。
关键词 数据财产权 排他性 财产规则 排他策略
Abstract: Exclusivity is the essential characteristic of property rights. As the foundation and prerequisite for realizing ‘rights to gain financial benefits’ of property rights, exclusivity is the decisive factor enabling property rights to fulfill their role in allocating scarce resources. The core proposition in establishing a data property rights system is to acknowledge data property rights with data as their object and finite exclusivity as their essential characteristic. Except in special circumstances such as excessively high transaction costs, the law should, in principle, provide property rules protection for data. In non-transactional scenarios, the exclusion strategy should serve as the fundamental method for defining data protection boundaries. In transactional scenarios, the property rights protection model offers more comprehensive legal safeguards for data compared to the factual control protection model. At the normative level, identity authentication and access control constitute the first line of defense for data property rights, while crawler restriction measures form the second line of defense applicable to publicly available data. When others intrude into the exclusive protection scope of data property rights and utilize or interfere with data without the data processor’s consent, the data processor may exercise claims such as return of data, cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, and elimination of the danger. Statutory limitations based on the civil rights and interests of others and statutory limitations based on public interest constitute the primary scenarios where the exclusivity of data property rights is restricted by law.