作者：王湘淳
作者介绍：中央财经大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2025年12月9日
内容提要 《公司法》未明确股东协议是否具有组织法上的效力，对于协议具有何种组织法效力、为何具有组织法效力及组织法效力与合同效力关系等问题亦无明确立法回应，这引发了裁判分歧与理论争议。对于股东协议组织法效力的不同认识源于对法人本质理论的选择差异，其实质是对合同自由与组织秩序利益平衡的不同侧重。公司独立人格在实践中常遭忽视，现行法所采纳的法人实在说仍应落实。法人实在说下，仅全体股东签订的协议具有组织法效力，且其法律效果在拘束主体的范围、拘束内容、履行方式与救济程序等不同于合同效力。效果区分的前提是要件区分，即协议须满足适用场域为有限责任公司、协议主体为公司全体股东、协议内容为公司组织事项、股东具有产生组织法效力的意思表示、协议具备书面形式等五个要件时，方可产生组织法效力。满足要件后，可依据股东的意思与协议的内容，将协议认定为股东会决议或公司章程。股东协议产生组织法效力后，其合同效力依旧存在。若不满足上述要件，股东协议不产生组织法效力，但其合同效力不受影响。
关键词 股东协议 组织法效力 股东会决议 法人本质
Abstract: China’s Company Law does not specify whether a shareholders’ agreement has effect under organizational law, nor does it address issues as what kind of organizational legal effect the shareholders’ agreement has, why it has organizational legal effect, and the relationship between organizational legal effect and contractual effect, which has triggered judicial divergences and theoretical controversies. The different understandings of the organizational legal effect of shareholders’ agreements stem from the differences in the choice of the theory of the nature of legal persons, which essentially reflects varying emphases on the balance of interests between the freedom of contract of shareholders and the organizational order of the company. The independent personality of a company is often overlooked in our commercial and judicial practice, so the theory of legal person as a real entity adopted in the current law should be adhered to. Under the theory of legal person as a real entity, only the agreement concluded by all shareholders has organizational legal effect, and its legal effect is different from the contractual effect in terms of the scope of binding subjects, binding content, performance methods, and remedy procedures. The premise for distinguishing these effects is the distinction of elements. Specifically, a shareholders’ agreement with organizational legal effect needs to satisfy the following elements: the applicable scope is a limited liability company; the subject of the agreement is all shareholders of the company; the content of the agreement is the organizational matters of the company; the shareholders have the expression of intent with organizational legal effect; and the agreement is in written form. After the above elements are met, the agreement can be recognized as a resolution of the shareholders’ meeting or the articles of association based on the expression of intent of the shareholders and the content of the agreement. After the shareholders’ agreement has organizational legal effect, its contractual effect still exists. If the above elements are not met, the shareholders’ agreement does not have organizational legal effect, but its contractual effect remains unaffected.
