作者：王锴
作者介绍：中国人民大学法学院教授
出版日期：2025年10月9日
内容提要 基本权利干预的法律保留自产生以来，经历了个别化、空心化、相对化的过程，并导致了基本权利干预的宪法保留的出现。目前虽然对宪法保留的范围和方式存在理论争议，但并非无法化解。基本权利的干预保留在我国实践中面临着保留范围、保留主体和保留程度的难题。在保留范围上，应当从我国宪法文本出发，对不同种类的基本权利实行不同层级的保留。在保留主体上，应当区分职权保留和行为保留，从而解决规章、地方性法规、国务院的决定命令能否保留基本权利干预行为的问题。在保留程度上，应当恪守干预保留的核心是干预行为保留，从而明确干预要有上位法依据是指要有具体的行为依据。构建我国基本权利干预的保留体系，要在区分形成保留和干预保留、单纯法律保留和特殊法律保留、绝对法律保留和相对法律保留的基础上，理顺法律保留和宪法保留的关系，使其在保障公民基本权利方面形成合力，并最终为健全保证宪法全面实施的制度体系贡献力量。
关键词 基本权利干预 法律保留 宪法保留 形成保留 个别干预
Abstract: Since its emerging, the legal reservation of fundamental rights intervention has gone through a process of individualization, hollowing out, and relativization, leading to the emergence of constitutional reservation of fundamental rights intervention. Although there is currently controversy over the scope and manner of constitutional reservation, it is not impossible to resolve. The intervention preservation of fundamental rights faces challenges in practice, including the scope, subject, and degree of reservation. In terms of the scope of reservation, different levels of reservation should be implemented for different types of fundamental rights based on the text of China’s Constitution. In terms of retaining the subject, a distinction should be made between retaining authority and retaining behavior, in order to address the issue of whether regulations, local regulations, and decisions of the State Council can retain fundamental rights to intervene in behavior. In terms of the degree of reservation, the core of intervention reservation should be adhered to, which means that intervention should have a superior legal basis and behavioral basis. To establish a system for preserving fundamental rights intervention in China, it is necessary to distinguish between formation reservation and intervention reservation, pure legal reservation and special legal reservation, absolute legal reservation and relative legal reservation, and to clarify the relationship between legal reservation and constitutional reservation, so as to form a joint force in safeguarding citizens’ fundamental rights, and ultimately contribute to the improvement of the institutional system to ensure the comprehensive implementation of the Constitution.