作者：徐以祥
作者介绍：西南政法大学经济法学院教授
出版日期：2025年10月9日
内容提要 生态环境损害预防性侵权责任是生态环境损害民事侵权责任中不可或缺的一种责任类型，在法律性质上属于民事特别法上的侵权责任，其主要包括针对不确定风险的风险管控责任和针对具有高度确定性的损害危险的危险防止责任。基于生态环境损害预防性侵权责任不同于侵权损害赔偿责任的特殊性以及其作为保护公益的预防性侵权责任的特殊性，其构成要件应当界定为：第一，违反国家规定的行为；第二，行为使生态环境有遭受损害的重大风险或危险。其中，“行为使生态环境有遭受损害的重大风险或危险”这一要件又可进一步细分为“违反国家规定的行为造成生态环境损害的可能性”和“生态环境损害风险或危险的重大性”两个子要件。在责任形式上，生态环境损害预防性侵权责任不能完全套用《民法典》上的“停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险”这三种发端于物权请求权的责任形式，需要从生态环境公共利益预防性保护的需求出发，确立停止侵害、消除危险、风险管控和预防性禁止四种责任形式。在生态环境法典中，有必要将生态环境损害预防性侵权责任作为民事责任类型进行规定。
关键词 生态环境损害 预防性责任 侵权责任 构成要件 责任形式
Abstract: Preventive tort liability for ecological damage is an indispensable type of civil tort liability for ecological damage. Legally, it falls under the category of tort liability under special civil law, primarily encompassing risk control liability for uncertain risks and danger prevention liability for highly certain damage risks. Based on the special nature of preventive tort liability for ecological damage, which is different from the tort liability for damages, and its special nature as a preventive tort liability for protecting public interests, its constituent elements should be defined as: first, the act in violation of state regulations; second, the act posing a significant risk or danger of ecological damage. Among them, the element of ‘the act posing a significant risk or danger of ecological damage’ can be further subdivided into two aspects: the possibility that an act in violation of state regulations may cause ecological damage and the magnitude of the risk or danger of the ecological damage. Regarding liability forms, preventive tort liability for ecological damage cannot simply follow the three liability forms of ‘cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, and elimination of the danger’ in the Civil Code, which originate from real rights claims. Instead, it is necessary to establish four liability forms based on the need for preventive protection of the ecological public interests: cessation of the infringement, elimination of the danger, risk control, and preventive prohibition. In the ecological environment code, it is necessary to stipulate the preventive tort liability for ecological damage as a type of civil liability.