作者：沈岿
作者介绍：北京大学法学院教授
出版日期：2025年8月9日
内容提要 在行政法主流理论中，信赖保护原则之正当信赖要件的认定，否认“恶意过错”“资讯过错”和“无视过错”情形下信赖的正当性，排除信赖保护的适用；而在实践中，法院并未完全按此进行。针对司法适用与学理阐述之间存在的分离，学界虽有所关注，但缺乏足够的重视，也未提出融贯一致的解决方案。支持过错排除正当信赖的理由虽然较为充分，但也不是绝对的。正当信赖要件的适用宜在将过错否认信赖正当性作为初始法则的基础上，充分衡平检验信赖主张者的过错程度、政府方过错及其程度、正当信赖的客观性、行政活动的形式和内容以及衡平检验可能具有的先例效果等，以剥离原先理论中该要件的“全有或全无”效果，实现信赖保护原则纠正严重非正义问题的衡平目的。
关键词 信赖保护原则 正当信赖 过错排除 衡平检验 行政法基本原则
Abstract: In prevailing administrative law theory, the requirement of legitimate reliance under the principle of trust protection excludes the legitimacy of reliance in cases involving ‘malicious fault’, ‘informational fault’, and ‘reckless fault’, thereby precluding the application of trust protection. However, in practice, courts have not entirely adhered to this approach. The deviation between judicial application and theoretical exposition has not gone unnoticed in academic discourse, yet it has not received sufficient attention, nor has a coherent and consistent solution been proposed. The justifications of excluding legitimate reliance due to fault are robust but not absolute. The application of the requirement of legitimate reliance should treat the exclusion of legitimate reliance due to fault as a preliminary rule, and, on this basis, fully weigh relevant considerations, including the reliance claimer’s fault degree, the government’s fault and its degree, the objective dimension of legitimate reliance, the forms and contents of administrative actions, and the potential precedential implications of specific test of equity. This test of equity seeks to eliminate the ‘all-or-nothing’ effects of the requirement of legitimate reliance in the prevailing theory, thereby achieving the equitable purpose of the principle of trust protection by addressing severe injustices.