作者：刘承韪
作者介绍：中国政法大学比较法学研究院教授
出版日期：2025年8月9日
内容提要 约定解除是合同自由与合同终止的结合，其规范基础是《民法典》第562条第2款。该条款试图区分并勾连解除条件、轻微违约解除、任意解除权三者。违约行为应被排除在解除条件之外，以维护合同交易的确定性和解除条件的附属性。自动解除与否是区分解除条件与解除事由的一般标准，但基于主观违约的自动解除，应转化为约定解除权条款。《九民纪要》首次提出“轻微违约”概念以限制约定解除权，但过于随意的限制会破坏私法自治精神、架空约定解除权功能且违背基本法理。合理的轻微违约限制应以“自治为原则、限制为例外”，并确立适度从严的判断标准和必要的刚性缓解机制。“任何违约皆可解约”约定存在合意缺陷，将“任何违约”限缩为“非轻微违约”更符合规范体系意旨和鼓励交易之宗旨。任意解除权约定是商事交易实践的法律化，也是当事人意思自治之结果，既要限制也应尊重。
关键词 约定解除权 解除条件 解除事由 轻微违约 根本违约
Abstract: The agreed rescission is a combination of contract freedom and contract termination, and its normative basis is article 562, paragraph 2 of the Civil Code. This provision attempts to distinguish and link between the conditions for rescission, rescission due to minor breach, and the right to rescind the contract at will. The breach of contract should be excluded from the conditions for rescission to maintain the certainty of contract transactions and the accessory nature of the conditions for rescission. Automatic rescission is the general criterion for distinguishing between the conditions for rescission and the reasons for rescission. However, if the automatic rescission involves subjective breach, it should be transformed into the agreed right to rescind the contract. The Minutes of the National Courts’ Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference first proposed the concept of ‘minor breach’ to limit the agreed right to rescind the contract, but overly casual restrictions on minor breaches may undermine the spirit of private law autonomy, nullify the function of the agreed right to rescind the contract, and violate basic legal principles. Reasonable minor breach restriction should be based on the principle of ‘autonomy as the principle and restrictions as the exception’, and a moderately strict judgment standard should be established to balance autonomy and restrictions. In addition, the agreement that ‘any breach can lead to the rescission of the contract’ has a defect in consensus, but restricting ‘any breach’ to ‘non-minor breach’ is more in line with the purpose of systematic interpretation and the encouragement of transactions in contract law. The agreement on the right to rescind the contract at will is the legalization of commercial transactions and the result of the autonomy of the will of the parties, which should be restricted and respected.