作者：王瑞雪
作者介绍：南开大学法学院教授、南开大学人权研究中心研究员
出版日期：2025年4月9日
内容提要 “量化评价类”规制工具以各类评估、考核、评级、评分、排名为载体，是行政机关以趋近于数学公式的规则为依据，针对被评价对象进行定量计算并得出确定评价结论的行政活动方式。经由对优绩的定义权和过程的监控权，它将科学管理的思维路径推衍至自我规制与外部规制全域，以发挥公平配置公共资源、增强行政活动理据、确保绩效目标完成、助推公共任务实现等功用。然而部分评价偏离目的正当性要求，其背后的评价规则主观性过强，过度依赖数字的决策机制面临合理性质疑。鉴于其可能将长远的发展议题简化为短视的数字排序议题，有必要基于依法行政原则、合理性原则、正当法律程序原则为“量化评价类”规制工具划定必要的法治界限，并完善针对量化评价工具的救济机制。
关键词 量化评价工具 指标体系 声誉机制 信用监管 数字治理
Abstract: The regulatory tools of ‘quantitative evaluation’ are an administrative activity method for administrative organs to quantitatively calculate and determine evaluation conclusions based on rules similar to mathematical formulas for the evaluated objects with various forms of appraisal, evaluation, rating, scoring, and ranking as carriers. The regulatory tools contain the power to define good performance and monitor process, which extend the thinking path of sound regulation to the entire domain of self-regulation and external regulation, so as to play a role in the fair allocation of public resources, strengthening the justification of administrative activities, ensuring the completion of performance objectives, and promoting the achievement of public tasks. However, some evaluation activities deviate from the legitimacy requirement of the purpose, and the evaluation rules behind them are relatively subjective. At the same time, the administrative decision-making mechanism that overly relies on numbers also faces the question of rationality. Considering its potential to simplify long-term development issues into short numerical ranking issues, it is necessary to draw legal boundaries for such regulatory tools of ‘quantitative evaluation’ under the guidance of the principles of law-based government administration, rationality, and due legal process, and improve the corresponding relief mechanisms.