作者：陈嘉白
作者介绍：清华大学法学院助理研究员，法学博士
出版日期：2025年2月9日
内容提要 2023年修订后的《公司法》在立法依据中，重新写入“根据宪法，制定本法”，再次明示公司法与宪法之间的密切联系。在当代中国，宪法与部门法的联系愈发紧密，宪法的价值和理念愈加精准地融入各部门法的具体规范中。公司法作为带有明显私法特质的部门法，其制定和实施同样要遵循宪法的基本原则和核心价值，其所规范的公司虽然是由国家授予外部人格和内部治理权的经济实体，但亦因此被视为类政治实体，公司法的正当性理应以宪法为基础并受宪法保障。在“依宪立法”的要求下，我国《公司法》历次修订都以宪法确立的国家基本经济制度基础上的基本经济政策为依据，并体现了相应的政治理念。《公司法》以“根据宪法，制定本法”的立法表述，进一步明确了公司法的宪法基础和规范来源。公司法通过保护经营自主权和职工民主管理等基本权利，使宪法对基本权利的保护在公司法范畴延伸。同时，公司法也充分吸纳了宪法理念，强调宪制理论中的分权制衡等民主原则在公司治理中的应用，并以此作为公司民主治理法律机制的主要理论来源和制度基础结构。
关键词 公司法 宪法 依宪立法 基本权利 公司宪治论
Abstract: In the legislative basis of the revised Company Law in 2023, ‘This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution’ has been rewritten, explicitly indicating the close connection between the Company Law and the Constitution. In contemporary China, the connection between the Constitution and departmental laws has become increasingly close, and the values and concepts of the Constitution have been more precisely incorporated into the specific norms of various departmental laws. As a departmental law with obvious private law characteristics, the formulation and implementation of the company law also need to follow the basic principles and core values of the Constitution. Although the companies regulated are economic entities granted external personality and internal governance rights by the state, they are also regarded as quasi-political entities. The legitimacy of the company law should be based on and guaranteed by the Constitution. Under the requirement of ‘legislation in accordance with the Constitution’, the previous revisions of the Company Law of China have been based on the basic economic policy on the basis of the basic economic system established by the Constitution and have reflected corresponding political philosophies. The newly revised Company Law further clarifies the constitutional basis and normative source of the company law with the legislative expression of ‘This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution’. By protecting fundamental rights such as the autonomy of business operation and the democratic management of employees, the protection of fundamental rights by the Constitution is extended within the scope of the company law. At the same time, the company law has fully absorbed the constitutional concepts, emphasizing the application of democratic principles in corporate governance, and taking this as the main theoretical source and institutional foundation of the legal mechanism for democratic corporate governance.