作者：孙海波
作者介绍：中国政法大学比较法学研究院教授
出版日期：2025年6月9日
内容提要：同案同判是司法追求的重要理想，同案和同判是两个密切联系的概念范畴。长期以来，人们出于各种原因忽视了同判。为此，需要将研究重心从同案转向同判。绝对的同判并不存在，司法致力于实现的是类似的裁判。这种类似性需要满足形式与实质双重要件。形式要件着眼于裁决核心问题相似、裁决的事实基础相似、法律规范选择以及实体裁判结果大体一致，形式要件仅确保裁判具有初步的相似性。深层相似性仍有赖于实质标准的检验，需进一步满足法律适用方法一致、裁量在合理性的区域之内以及裁判价值导向一致的要求。同判是一种相对的司法要求，它依赖于特定的时空背景，并且可能会抑 制司法的创造性。不科学的同判观只看重案件在裁判结果上的相似或趋同，而忽视案件自身的特殊性和裁判的多样化，在现实中有异化的可能及风险。为此， 要认识到同判的内在限度，从观念、制度和方法上探求防范同判异化之对策。
关键词：同案同判 比较正义 形式标准 实质标准 裁判多样化
Abstract: Treating like cases alike is an important ideal pursued by the courts. ‘Similar cases’ and ‘similar judgments’ are two closely related conceptual categories. For a long time, ‘similar judgments’ have been ignored for various reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to shift the focus of research from ‘similar cases’ to ‘similar judgments’. There is no such thing as ‘absolute similar judgments’, and the courts are committed to achieving ‘similar judgments’. This similarity needs to meet both formal and substantive requirements. The formal requirements focus on the similarity of the disputed issues, the similarity of the basic facts of the case, the selection of legal norms, and the general consistency of the substantive judgment results. The formal requirements only ensure that the judgments have preliminary similarity. Deep similarity still relies on the examination of substantive standards, which needs to further meet the requirements of consistent legal application methods, discretion within a reasonable range, and consistent judicial value orientation. ‘Similar judgments’ are a relative judicial requirement, which depends on a specific time and space background and will inhibit judicial creativity. An unscientific view of ‘similar judgments’ focuses on the similarity or convergence in judicial results, while ignoring the particularity of individual cases and the diversity of judgments, which carries the possibility and risk of alienation in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the inherent limitations of ‘similar judgments’ and explore strategies to prevent the alienation of ‘similar judgments’ from the perspectives of concepts, systems, and methods.