作者：林来梵
作者介绍：清华大学法学院教授、国家治理研究院研究员
出版日期：2025年6月9日
内容提要：新中国宪法在文本上至少拥有两种“国家像”，一种是各国宪法皆有的，即由国体、政体、国家机构和国家象征等有关实定条文所形成的“国家像”；另一种则是中国宪法独有的，可称“未来理想型国家像”。我国现行宪法序言第七段中“把我国建设成为富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国”的叙事即是其主要规范基础，由此初步构建了现行宪法中未来理想型 “国家像”的基本轮廓。其中“文明”一语在现行宪法文本中一共使用了8处， 可谓描摹了这种“一体多面”国家像中最具典范性的一面。本文尝试透过新 中国宪法中“未来理想型国家像”这个分析框架，以“文明”概念为焦点，追溯其“跨多国概念史”上的思想源流，在批判性地吸收近代文明概念类型二分 法的基础上提出了文明概念类型三分法，用以分析我国现行宪法中有关文明的 全部叙事和规定；同时考察了近代国际法上的文明国家认定标准，并对文明概念所暗含的价值取向问题作出反思。全文旨在透过中国宪法中未来理想型国 家像的框架，为“文明”一语的解读提供一个基本方案。
关键词：文明 国家像 文化 文明标准 人类文明新形态
Abstract: The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China features at least two distinct types of ‘national images’ in the textual content. One is common to all national constitutions, while the other is unique to China’s Constitution, which can be described as the ‘future ideal-type national image’. In the seventh paragraph of the preamble of the current Constitution, the narrative of ‘to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful’ serves as the main normative foundation, thereby initially constructing the basic outline of the ‘future ideal-type national image’ in China’s current Constitution. The term ‘civilization’ appears eight times in the current Constitution, which can be seen as depicting one of the most representative aspects of this ‘multi-faceted’ national image. This article attempts, through the analytical framework of the ‘future ideal-type national image’ in the Constitution of China, to focus on the concept of ‘civilization’, tracing its intellectual origins in the ‘transnational history of concepts’. It engages with the traditional binary approach to the classification of the concept of civilization and proposes a tripartite classification of the concept of civilization to analyze all the narratives and provisions related to civilization in the current Constitution. The article also examines the standards for recognizing civilized states in modern international law and finally critically reflects on the value orientations implicit in the concept of civilization. The aim of this article is to provide a fundamental interpretative framework for the term ‘civilization’ within the context of the future ideal-type national image in China’s Constitution.