摘要(Abstract)：
本文讨论了单位犯罪的信条学基础。单位犯罪是中国刑法中的法律概念,与普通法中的公司犯罪的概念相似但不完全相同。本文回顾了中国刑法采纳这个概念的历史背景,探讨了这个概念逐步发展的历史过程。此外,本文细致分析了单位犯罪的条件,深入探讨了单位刑事责任的界限,仔细说明了单位可能承担的各种责任,包括在单位犯罪中单位需要承担的刑事责任和行政责任,个人需要承担的刑事、民事、行政与纪律责任。本文在结论中,对单位犯罪概念的价值进行了实事求是的评价,指出了这个概念所具有的积极意义与有待改进的问题。
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作者(Author): 王世洲;
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参考文献(References)：
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- 2 A brief survey of corporate criminal liability in Europe,see Clifford Chance,Corporate Liability in Europe(2012).Accordingly,France was the first European country to adopt in the criminal statute corporate criminal liability in 1994,followed by Belgium in 1999,Italy in 2001,Poland in 2003,Romania in 2006,Spain in 2010 and the Czech Republic in 2012,with the exception of the UK,and the Netherlands,at http://www.cliffordchance.com/content/dam/cliffordchance/PDFs/Corporate_Liability_in_Europe.pdf(Last visited on December 28,2015).
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- 12 The Company Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated in December of 1993,though its latest version after 5revisions was promulgated in 2013.
- 13 In this paper,all of the article without mentioning the law to which it belongs is referred to the Criminal Law of 1997.
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- 26 Recommendation No.R(88)18 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning Liability of Enterprises Having Legal Personality for Offences Committed in the Exercise of Their Activities(Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on October 20,1988 at the 420th Meeting of the Ministers'Deputies),at https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=233230&SecMode=1&DocId=698704&Usage=2(Last visited on December 12,2015).
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- 29 Besides the debate within the typical field of criminal law,there are arguments in the area of Ordnungwidrigkeit or the regulatory offence.One influential argument is the so-called theory of organizational position of guaranty.It means that,when a legal person failed to perform its legal liability in supervising its employees,personnel as well as directors,it shall have its own"guilt"to undertake the legal(not a criminal)liability.
- 30 WAYNE R.LAFAVE,CRIMINAL LAW,at 694(Thomson/West,2003).
- 31 Id.,704.
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- 35 GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL,supra note 33.
- 36 Id.
- 37 Model Business Corporation Act,in which Section 3.04(a)stipulates that the"validity of corporate action may not be challenged on the ground that the corporation lacks or lacked power to act."
- 38 UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION,Guidelines Manual,337(1995).
- 39 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly of United Nations on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,UN Doc.A/56/83,28 January 2002,at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/477/97/PDF/N0147797.pdf?OpenElement(Last visited on December 12,2015).
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- 45 The same article shall also be applied to the administrative law-enforcing organ.
- 46 Art.90,para.2,the Constitution of the PRC and art.71,the Law on Legislation of the PRC.
- 47 Wang Shizhou,supra note 8.
- 48 Liu Qishan,Zhanwu Fan&Ning Liu,Smuggling and Bribery,2 The Bulletin of The Supreme People's Court,82(1994).
- 49 1,000 USD is equivalent to about RMB 6,200 yuan in October 2013.But the foreign currency rate does not play a significant role in sentencing.
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- 51 Id.,593-597.
- 52 Id.,284.
- 53 United States v.Dotterweich,320 U.S.,277(1943).
- 54 United States v.Park,421 U.S.,658(1975).
- 55 CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL 1,2,3,4,5 OF THE SUPREME PEOPLE'S COURT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA(ENTREPRENEUR),supra note 16,605.
- 56 The Case of Smuggling Ordinary Good by Beijing Taizi Textile Industry Ltd.Co.,and Yao Zhijun,supra note 16,45.
- 57 The Case of Smuggling Ordinary Goods by Zhang Jun and others,supra note 16,87.
- 58 The reply of the supreme people's court regarding the issue if the persons in charge or directly responsible shall be divided as principal and accomplice in trying the case of unit crime of 2000.
- 59 For the case where a unit can become the subject of voluntary surrender,see the Case of Smuggling Ordinary Goods by Chen Defu,supra note 16,54.
- 60 Art.32 of the CCL 1997 provides that the principal punishments in the Law refer to public surveillance,criminal detention,fix-term imprisonment,life imprisonment and the death penalty.
- 61 Art.72 of the CCL 1997 provides that only the sentences of criminal detention or the fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years might be possible to be suspended,when the probation will not result in further harm to society in fact.For detailed,see Zhou Mi&Wang Shizhou,Supplement 21 People's Republic of China,International Encyclopaedia of Laws,Kluwer Law International-The Hague,2001,121.
- 62 United States v.Bank of New England,N.A.,821 F.2d 844(1st Cir.1987)in ELLEN S.PODGOR,WHITE COLLAR CRIME IN A NUTSHELL,at 45(West Publishing Co.,1993).
- 63 Part VI of the Decision of the CCP Central Committee on Reform of Economic System of 1984.
- 64 The first public one was the Decision of the Central Committee of the CCP and the Stale Council on Strictly Prohibiting the Organ of the Party and the Government from Running Business and Enterprise of 1984.
- 65 The Notice of the General Offices of the Central Committee of the CCP and the Slate Council on No Longer Engagement of the Organs of Army,Armed Police and Judiciary in Economic Activities of 1998.
- 66 The Notice of the General Offices of the Central Committee of the CCP and the State Council on Certain Issues Regarding the Disconnection the Sub-ordinate Relations between the Central Organs of the Party and the Government with Their Running Business Entities and Enterprises of 1998.
- 67 Art.25 of the Administrative Procedure of the PRC of 1989.But the legal liability of the entrusted organization shall be borne by the entrusting state organ.
- 68 CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL 1,2,3,4,5 OF THE SUPREME PEOPLE'S COURT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA(ENTREPRENEUR),supra note 16.
- 69 Id.
