摘要(Abstract):
西方国家经常批评中国政府对公民权利的保障不足,特别是对于言论自由、思想自由和宗教自由。作为回应,中国政府会指出其在经济和社会权利方面取得的巨大成就,特别是对于扶贫、医疗、住房和教育的投入。为了将中国政府人权政策整合成便于讨论和比较的范式,本文先分析政府白皮书和官方陈词,然后通过集体主义、唯物主义和主权主义这三个特性来界定"中国人权模式"。接下来,本文使用三个思想上中立的基准来检验该模式是否正当:效益性、合法性和相容性。通过对比同一发展阶段的自由主义国家,本文论证该模式的绩效超过平均水平,因此具有效益上的正当性。通过评估指控该模式违反国际法的案件的胜诉可能性,本文主张其也具有法律上的正当性。不过,本文发现中国的人权本土化主张与其人权的世界普遍适用理想难以相容。因此,论文的大部分内容致力于分析中国人权模式能否与人权概念的相容问题。本文指出,由于认识论上相持,世界人权宣言同时接受了自由主义和社会主义对人权的观点。因此,中国人权模式虽然同自然权利论难以相容,但仍能同国际上广为接受的人权内涵相容。这也意味着,中国人权模式有哲学上的正当性。最后,本文进一步探讨了以下问题:中国人权模式能否具有国际影响力,中国政治体系将来能否自由化,如何将中西方的人权模式加以调和,等等。
关键词(KeyWords):
Abstract:
Keywords:
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 曹咏理;
Email:
参考文献(References):
- 1 For the purposes of this dissertation,we define the CMHR as the body of policies and theories that are explicitly or implicitly endorsed by the Chinese government in the context of human rights.Unless otherwise specified,"China"and"Chinese government"refer in this dissertation to"PRC"and"PRC government".This definition of the CMHR therefore excludes the views held by other governments,even the ethnically Chinese ones.This definition also excludes the views held by non-official sources such as Chinese dissidents.Strictly speaking,it also excludes the theories of so-called Chinese"establishment intellectuals",unless these theories are officially endorsed.It is also important to note that the adjective"Chinese"in the CMHR does not imply that it is defined by Chinese cultural characteristics,only that it is linked to the Chinese government.As we will see below,the CMHR is of an ideological rather than cultural nature,a nuance of great consequence when discussing the universality of human rights.The risk of confusing the two is the reason why we preferred the term CMHR to that of"human rights with Chinese characteristics",which has been used by Chinese scholars such as Liu Hainian or Li Yunlong.
- 2 CHINA DEFENDING ITS DIFFERENT'HUMAN RIGHTS MODEL',EUBULLETIN,DECEMBER 10,2014,at http://eubulletin.com/3771-china-defending-its-different-human-rights-model-defying-brassels.html.
- 3 BEWARE THE BEIJING MODEL,THE ECONOMIST,MAY 25,2009,at http://www.economist.com/node/13721724.
- 4 Id..
- 5 Id..
- 6 Id.
- 7 ZHANG WEIWEI,THE ALLURE OF THE CHINESE MODEL,INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE,NOVEMBER 2,2006,at http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/articles/2006/20061102_zhang.weiwei_chinese.model-en.pdf.
- 8 SONYA SCEATS&SHAUN BRESLIN,CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM,CHATHAM HOUSE,at http://www.chatharnhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/lnternational Law/rl012_sceatsbreslin.pdf.
- 9 JOHN LOCKE,TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT,BookⅡ,ch.Ⅶ,s.87(1689).
- 10 UNITED STATES DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,PREAMBLE(1776).
- 11 FRENCH NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY,DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN(1789),ARTICLE.2,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_centuiy/rightsof.asp.
- 12 Id,Preamble.
- 13 THOMAS HOBBES,LEVIATHAN,ChapterⅩⅢ(1651).
- 14 Liu Huaqiu,Vienna Conference Statement(1993).Reprinted in THE CHINESE HUMAN RIGHTS READER:DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARY 1900-2000,393(2001).
- 15 CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA(1982),Chapter II,at http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm.
- 16 Yl YANYOU,STATE IDEOLOGY TRANSITION AND PROCEDURE MODEL REFORMATION:CHINA'S CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW AND ITS REVISIONS,4 TSINGHUA CHINA L.R.215(2012),at http://tsinghuachinalawreview.org/articles/PDF/TCLR_0402_Yi.pdf.
- 17 United Nations General Assembly,Universal Declaration of Human Rights,G.A.Res.217A(Ⅲ),U.N.Doc.A/810,art.29(2)(1948).In the exercise of his rights and freedoms,everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality,public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
- 18 FRENCH NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY,DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN(1789),ARTICLE 4 and 5,at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp.
- 19 Henri Feron,Droits de I fiomme:un Dialogue de Sourds entre la Chine et/'Occident,Jusletter,June 16,2014.
- 20 PASCAL ROCHA DA SILVA,LA POLITIQUE DE L'ENFANT UNIQUE EN REPUBLIQUE POPULAIRE DE CHINE[The one-child policy in the PRC](thesis at the University of Geneva,2006),at http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/recherche/2006/200608_Rocha.Pascal_memoire.pdf.
- 21 LUCY HORNBY,HUMAN COST OF CHINA'S HUKOU SYSTEM,FINANCIAL TIMES,NOVEMBER 8,2013,at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5c38bbd0-46c7-Ile3-9clb-00144feabdc0.html;ZU ZHE,CHINA POISED TO REFORM HUKOU SYSTEM,CHINA DAILY,at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-03/3 l/content_840877.htm/(Last visted on March 31,2007).
- 22 COLE MORETON,HS2:THE TRAIN LINE DIVIDING THE COUNTRY,THE TELEGRAPH,at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/road-and-rail-transport/9843923/HS2-the-train-line-dividing-the-country.html/(Last visted on February 2,2013);HS2:HIGH-SPEED RAIL ROUTE PHASE TWO DETAILS ANNOUNCED,BBC,at http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21221828/(Last visted on January 28,2013).
- 23 BILL POWELL,CHINA'S AMAZING NEW BULLET TRAIN,CNN MONEY,at http://money.cnn.com/2009/08/03/news/international/china_high_speed_bullet_train.fortune/(Last visted on August 6,2009).
- 24 JOHN STUART MILL,ON LIBERTY,Ch.II(1859);Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in Abrams v.United States,250 U.S.616,630(1919).
- 25 KARL MARX&FRIEDRICH ENGELS,FIRST PREMISES OF THE MATERIALIST METHOD,in THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY(1932),at https://www.marxists.Org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch0la.htm#al.
- 26 Id.
- 27 KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS,THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO(1848),Ch.l,at https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007.
- 28 Id.
- 29 Id.
- 30 Id.
- 31 Id
- 32 Id.
- 33 Id.
- 34 Id.
- 35 Id.
- 36 Id.,Ch.Ⅱ,at https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm.
- 37 INFORMATION OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PRC,WHITE PAPER ON'PROGRESS IN CHINA'S HUMAN RIGHTS IN 2012',Foreword(2013),at http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474982986492.htm.
- 38 Id.
- 39 Supra note 40,392.
- 40 ALAIN PELLET,'DROITS-DE-L'HOMMISME'ET DROIT INTERNATIONAL,1 DROITS FONDAMENTAUX 167-179(2001),at http://www.droits-fondamentaux.org/IMG/pdf/dflpeldhd.pdf.
- 41 MARINA SVENSSON,DEBATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA:A POLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY310(2002);SONYA SCEATS&SHAUN BRESLIN,CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM,CHATHAM HOUSE,at http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/pubIic/Research/Intemational Law/rl012_sceatsbreslin.pdf.
- 42 Id.,45.
- 43 CONSTITUTION OF THE PRC,PREAMBLE(1982),at http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm.
- 44 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY,2005 WORLD SUMMIT OUTCOME,A/60/L.1,138,139(2005),at http://www.who.int/hiv/universalaccess2010/worldsummit.pdf.
- 45 UNITED NATIONS CHARTER,ARTICLE 39.
- 46 CONSTITUTION OF THE PRC,ARTICLE 1(1982),at http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm.
- 47 Id.,Preamble.
- 48 Id.
- 49 Id,ARTICLE 5.
- 50 M.C.MADHAVAN,CAN INDIA CATCH UP WITH CHINA?,THE HINDU TIMES,at http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/can-india-catch-up-with-china/article6758394.ece(Last visited on January 6,2015).
- 51 NOT ALWAYS WITH US,THE ECONOMIST,at http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21578643-world-has-astonishingchance-take-billion-people-out-extreme-poverty-2030-not(Last visited on June 1,2013).
- 52 CHEN SHAOHUA&MARTIN RAVAILLON,THE DEVELOPING WORLD IS POORER THAN WE THOUGHT,BUT NO LESS SUCCESSFUL IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY,WORLD BANK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH GROUP,at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/JAPANINJAPANESEEXT/Resources/515497-1201490097949/080827_The_Developing_WorId_is_Poorer_than_we_Thought.pdf.
- 53 CHEN SHAOHUA&MARTIN RAVAILLON,BRIEFING NOTE ON THE KEY FINDINGS FROM:THE DEVELOPING WORLD IS POORER THAN WE THOUGHT,BUT NO LESS SUCESSFUL IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY,WORLD BANK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH GROUP,at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/DevelopingWorldisPoorerthanweThoughtBRIEFINGNOTE-aug22-version.pdf.
- 54 CHEN SHAOHUA&MARTIN RAVAILLON,CHINA IS POORER THAN WE THOUGHT,BUT NO LESS SUCCESSFUL IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY,WORLD BANK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH GROUP,at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/19/000158349_20080519094812/Rendered/PDF/wps4621.pdf.
- 55 AMARTYA SEN,WHY INDIA TRAILS CHINA,THE NEW YORK TIMES,at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/opmion/why-india-trails-china.html?_r=0(Last visited on June 19,2013).
- 56 M.C.MADHAVAN,CAN INDIA CATCH UP WITH CHINA?,THE HINDU TIMES,at http://www.thehmdu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/can-india-catch-up-with-china/article6758394.ece(Last visited on January 6,2015).
- 57 Randall Peerenboom,Show Me the Money-The Dominance of Wealth in Determining Rights Performance in Asia,15 Duke Int'L L.J.75(2004).
- 58 ERIC A.POSNER,THE TWILIGHT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW,at 89(Oxford University Press,2014).
- 59 RANDALL PEERENBOOM,CHINA MODERNIZES:THREAT TO THE WEST,OR MODEL FOR THE REST?at 20(Oxford University Press,2007).
- 60 Randall Peerenboom,Assessing Human Rights in China:Why the Double Standard?,38 CORNELL INT.LAW J.76(2005).
- 61 FREEDOM HOUSE,FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2010,METHODOLOGY,at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2010/methodology/page=3 51&ana_page=363&year=2010.
- 62 Id.
- 63 FREEDOM HOUSE,FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2010,at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom_world/freedom-world-2010/
- 64 Diego Giannone,Political and Ideological Aspects in the Measurement of Democracy:the Freedom House Case,17Democratization 68(2010).
- 65 POLITICAL TERROR SCALE,at http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/about.php.
- 66 REED M.WOOD&MARK GIBNEY,THE POLITICAL TERROR SCALE(PTS):A RE-INTRODUCTION AND A COMPARISON TO CIRI,32 HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY 367(2010),at http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/datafiles/hrq pts.pdf.
- 67 POLITICAL TERROR SCALE,1976-2013 POLITICAL TERROR SCALE RATINGS(2014),at httpV/www.politicalterrorscale.org/download.php.
- 68 Id.
- 69 Id.
- 70 Id.
- 71 Randall Peerenboom,Assessing Human Rights in China:Why the Double Standard?,38 Cornell Int.Law J.85(2005).
- 72 Id.
- 73 Nicar.v.U.S.,1986 I.C.J.14,133.
- 74 Id,134.
- 75 Id.
- 76 Id
- 77 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,Dec.18,1979,1249 U.N.T.S.13
- 78 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,opened for signature Mar.7,1966,660 U.N.T.S.195
- 79 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,Dec.10,1984,1465 U.N.T.S.85
- 80 Convention on the Rights of the Child,G.A.Res.25,U.N.GAOR,44th Sess.,Annex,Agenda Item 108,U.N.Doc.A/RES/44/25(1989)
- 81 International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights,Dec.16,1966,993 U.N.T.S.3
- 82 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,Dec.19,1966,999 U.N.T.S.171
- 83 Belgium v.Spain,1970 l.C.J 1,32,304.
- 84 See ICERD,P.R.C.reservation to art.22;CEDAW,P.R.C reservation to art.29(1).
- 85 The Convention against Torture,article 20.
- 86 Statute of the International Court of Justice,art.36(l).
- 87 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,art.13(b).
- 88 CHINA ELECTED TO UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL WITH 176 FAVOURABLE VOTES,CHINA DAILY,at http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html 1/news/china/16/7327-1.htm(Last visited on November 18,2013).
- 89 UN-REAL:SAUDI ARABIA,CHINA AMONG NATIONS VYING FOR SEATS ON HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL,FOX NEWS,at http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/10/22/un-real-saudi-arabia-china-among-nations-vying-for-seats-on-humanrights/(Last visited on October 22,2013).
- 90 SONYA SCEATS&SHAUN BRESLIN,CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM,CHATHAM HOUSE,at http://www.chamanihouse.org/sites/files/chamamhouse/public/Researcli/Inteiriational Law/r1012_sceatsbreslin.pdf
- 91 Id.,21.
- 92 Id,22.
- 93 Id,22.
- 94 Id,23.
- 95 Id,11.
- 96 Id,12.
- 97 Id,14.
- 98 Id,2.
- 99 Id,13.
- 100 Id,15.
- 101 Id,17.
- 102 Liu Huaqiu,Vienna Conference Statement(1993).Reprinted in THE CHINESE HUMAN RIGHTS READER:DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARY 1900-2000,392(2001).
- 103 JACK DONNELLY,UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 104(Cornell University Press,2013);Thomas M.Franck,Are Human Rights Universal?,80 Foreign Aff.191(2001);Michael Ignatieff,The Attack on Human Rights,80 Foreign Aff.107(2001).
- 104 Thomas M.Franck,Are Human Rights Universal?,80 Foreign Aff.202(2001).
- 105 JACK DONNELLY,UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 97(Cornell University Press,2013)
- 106 HENRY J.STEINER,CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND THE ATTITUDE OF CERTAIN ASIAN COUNTRIES TOWARDS THE UNIVERSALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS,25 PAPERS ON PARLIAMENT(1995),at http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Research_and_Education/~/~/link.aspx?_id=220BC02D683E4B4C98F8181164F6C99A&_z=z;Michael C.Davis,The Political Economy and Culture of Human Rights in East Asia,1 Jindal J.Of Int'L Affairs 48(2011);Michael D.Ban,Lee Kuan Yew and the Asian Values Debate,24 Asian Studies Review 310(2000);Roger Lloret Blackburn,CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN THE UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL,INSTITUT CATALA INTERNACIONAL PER LA PAU,ICIP WORKING PAPER 2011/03,at http://www.upr-mfo.org/sites/default/files/general-document/pdf/-blackburn_upr_cultural_relativism.09.2011.pdf;Uyen P.Le,A Culture of Human Rights in Asia,Deconstructing'Asian Values'Claim,18 U.C.Davis J.Int'L L.&Pol'Y 469(2012).
- 107 Michael C.Davis,Constitutionalism and Political Culture:The Debate over Human Rights and Asian Values,11 HARV.HUM.RIGHTS J.112(1998);Michael D.Barr,Lee Kuan Yew and the"Asian Values"Debate,24 ASIAN STUD.REV.311(2000).
- 108 ROGER LLORET BLACKBURN,CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN THE UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL,INSTITUT CATALA INTERNACIONAL PER LA PAU,ICIP WORKING PAPER 2011/03,at http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/general-document/pdf7-blackburn_upr_cultural_relativism.09.2011.pdf
- 109 MARINA SVENSSON,DEBATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA:A CONCEPTUAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY 47(2002).
- 110 PETER R.BAEHR et.al.,eds.HUMAN RIGHTS:CHINESE AND DUTCH PERSPECTIVES(1996).
- 111 ANNE-MARIE TRAEHOLT&ERROL.P.MENDES,eds.,HUMAN RIGHTS:CHINESE&CANADIAN PERSPECTIVES(1997).
- 112 ROBERT WEATHERLEY,THE DISCOURSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA.HISTORICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES(1999).
- 113 WM.THEODORE DE BARY,ASIAN VALUES AND HUMAN RIGHTS.A CONFUCIAN COMMUNITARIAN PERSPECTIVE(1998).
- 114 STEPHEN C.ANGLE,HUMAN RIGHTS AND CHINESE THOUGHT:A CROSS-CULTURAL INQUIRY(2002).
- 115 MICHAEL C.DAVIS,ed.,CHINESE VALUES AND HUMAN RIGHTS(1995).
- 116 WM.THEODORE DE BARY and TU WEIMING,eds,CONFUCIANISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS(1998).
- 117 PETER R.BAEHR et.al.,eds.HUMAN RIGHTS:CHINESE AND DUTCH PERSPECTIVES(1996).
- 118 Xia Yong,Human Rights and Chinese Civilization,in On the Origin of the Human Rights Concept(1992).Reprinted in PETER R.BAEHR et.al.,eds.,HUMAN RIGHTS:CHINESE AND DUTCH PERSPECTIVES(1996).
- 119 MARINA SVENSSON,DEBATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA:APOLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY 16(2002)
- 120 CHINA SOCIETY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS STUDIES,INTRODUCTION,at http://www.chinahumanrights.otg/CSHRS/Introduction/t20070628_262536.htm.
- 121 LIU HAINIAN,ON BUILDING A THEORETICAL SYSTEM FOR HUMAN RIGHTS WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS,10(3)HUMAN RIGHTS,at http://www.chinahumanrights.org/CSHRS/Magazine/Text/t20U0520_746459.htm(Last visited in May 2011).
- 122 GU CHUNDE,FOR A SOCIALIST THEORETICAL SYSTEM FOR HUMAN RIGHTS WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS,10(2)HUMAN RIGHTS,at http://www.chinahumanrights.org/CSHRS/Magazine/Text/t20110324_724148.htm(Last visited in March 2011).
- 123 XIAN KAILIN,THE LOGIC OF THE SYSTEM OF SOCIALIST HUMAN RIGHTS THEORY WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS,11(6)HUMAN RIGHTS,at http://www.chinahumanrights.org/CSHRS/Magazine/Text/t20121219_973971.htm(Last visited in November 2012).
- 124 LI YUNLONG,THE DEVELOPMENT PATH FOR HUMAN RIGHTS WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS,13(1)HUMAN RIGHTS,at http://www.chinahumanrights.org/CSHRS/Magazine/Text/t20140409_1164691.htm(Last visited in January2014).
- 125 MARINA SVENSSON,DEBATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA:A POLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY 12(2002)
- 126 Id.
- 127 Id.,312.
- 128 Jeremy T.Paltiel,Human Rights and Chinese Tradition in Political Discourse,in CONFUCIANISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS280(1998).
- 129 Id.,273.
- 130 Id.
- 131 SUN PINGHUA,HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION SYSTEM IN CHINA 138(2014).
- 132 Id.,135.
- 133 Tu Weiming,Epilogue:Human Rights as a Confucian Moral Discourse,in CONFUCIANISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS 297(1998).
- 134 Henry Rosemont Jr.,Human Rights:A Bill of Worries,in CONFUCIANISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS 60(1998).Other scholars have instead developed veiled critiques of the Chinese government by emphasizing the more liberal aspects of Confucianism,such as Mengzi's(Mencius')justification of tyrannicide.See e.g.Julia Ching,Human Rights:A Valid Chinese Concept?,in CONFUCIANISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS 77(1998).
- 135 MARINA SVENSSON,DEBATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA:A POLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY 52(2002).
- 136 Samuel P.Huntington,The Clash of Civilizations?,72 Foreign Aff.22(1993).
- 137 Fareed Zakaria&Lee Kuan Yew,Culture Is Destiny:A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew,73 Foreign Aff.109(1994).
- 138 MARINA SVENSSON,DEBATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHINA:A POLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY 58(2002).
- 139 MICHAEL JACOBSEN&OLE BRUUN,eds.,HUMAN RIGHTS AND ASIAN VALUES:CONTESTING NATIONAL IDENTITIES AND CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS IN ASIA(2000).
- 140 Authors that accuse the Chinese government of cultural relativism include:ANN KENT,CHINA,THE UNITED NATIONS,AND HUMAN RIGHTS:THE LIMITS OF COMPLIANCE 182(1999);HENRY J.STEINER,CU