摘要(Abstract)：
在WTO多边贸易谈判停滞不前、各国大量签订自由贸易协定的背景下,中国近年来加快了自贸协定的谈判和签订。同时,鉴于服务业对中国经济转型和增长的重要意义,中国正在大力发展服务贸易。在此背景下,本文研究了中国目前所签的12个自由贸易协定或安排中有关服务贸易自由化的内容,指出在规则层面,相关规定仍主要沿袭了WTO《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)的内容,并未有实质性突破;在市场开放方面则比GATS承诺有不少行业覆盖上的自由化进展。作者认为,中国在通过自由贸易协定进一步开放服务市场时,需要进行相关配套的服务监管体制改革,并密切关注国际上正在进行的重要谈判中涉及服务贸易的内容,适时调整自贸区的服务市场开放政策。
关键词(KeyWords)：
Abstract:
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基金项目(Foundation): supported both by “Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET)” and “the Programs for Excellent Talents,UIBE”
作者(Author): 石静霞;
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参考文献(References)：
- 1 The Doha Round is the latest round of trade negotiations among the World Trade Organization(WTO)membership.The Round is also known semi-officially as the“Doha Development Agenda(DDA)”as a fundamental objective tries to improve the trading prospects of developing countries.The Round was officially launched in Doha,Qatar,in November 2001.These are very complex negotiations that require progress across a number of topics,where the interests of the membership do not always converge.The Round will be completed as a“Single Undertaking”,meaning that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.In recent years,the challenging global economic situation has made it even more difficult for WTO members to engage in an ambitious liberalization agenda.For more information about the negotiation and progress of DDA,at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm(Last visited on August 18,2013).
- 2 Bernard Hoekman and Aaditya Mattoo,Liberalizing Trade in Services:Lessons from Regional and WTO Negotiations,The World Bank,Dec.2012.
- 3 Martin Roy,Services Commitments in Preferential Trade Agreements:Surveying the Empirical Landscape,Working Paper No 2012/02,NCCR Trade Regulation,January 2012,at 2(reviewing the increasing number of FTAs containing services provisions);Pierre Sauvéand Anirudh Shingal,Reflections on the Preferential Liberalization of Services Trade,Working Paper No.2011/05,NCCR Trade Regulation,March 2011,at 3.
- 4 CHINA RANKED THIRD IN 2012,at http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/c/2013-07-15/226105.shtml(Last visited on August 20,2013).
- 5 These measures mainly are included,but not limited to,a series of national development plans,such as The Twelfth Five-Year Plan 2011-2015,The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Services Industry 2011-2015,and the Several Opinions for Boosting the Development of Services Industry by the State Council,etc.
- 6 China has signed respectively with ASEAN,Pakistan,Chile,New Zealand,Singapore,Peru,Hong Kong SAR,Macao SAR,Chinese Taipei,Costa Rica,Iceland,and Switzerland,10 of them have entered into force except the FTAs with Iceland and Switzerland.China is currently negotiating 6 FTAs concerning 22 countries,with Korea(bilateral),Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),Australia,Norway,Japan and Korea(trilateral),and RCEP(with partners being Australia,Japan,New Zealand,India,Brazil,and Korea).China-India FTA and China-Columbia FTA are being considered as well.In addition,China has joined Asia-Pacific Trade Pact.
- 7 VICE MINISTER YI XIAOZHUN'S SPEECH AT CHINA-NEW ZEALAND FTA WORKSHOP,July 29 ,2010,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/ennewzealand/ennewzealandnews/201007/3095_1 .html(Last visited on August 10,2013).
- 8 China-ASEAN trade in services has been growing fast,and the total value of bilateral services trade increased from US$17.9 billion in 2007 to US$26.8 billion in 2010.In the first half year of 2011,the total bilateral trade value reached US$17.4 billion,up by 34.9%year on year.See CHINA-ASEAN FTA,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/chinaasean.shtml(Last visited on August 28,2013).
- 9 CHINA-PAKISTAN FTA,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enpakistan.shtml(Last visited on August 28,2013).
- 10 Id.
- 11 The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement,article 4 and 5.
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- 18 CHINA-PERU FTA,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enperu.shtml(Last visited on August 28,2013).
- 19 CHINA-COSTA RICA FTA,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/encosta.shtml(Last visited on August 28,2013).
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- 21 CHINA-SWITZERLAND FTA,at http://www.seco.admin.ch/themen/00513/00586/00593/04635/index.html?lang=en(Last visited on August 28,2013).
- 22 The establishment of the China-Australia FTA not only facilitates trade and investment between the two countries,but also conduces to the stable development of the Asian-Pacific region.The first round of negotiations was held in Sydney on May 23,2005.Recently,China and Australia vowed to speed up FTA talks,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/enrelease/201308/13254_1.html(Last visited on August 20,2013).
- 23 In July 2004,China and GCC announced the launch of China-GCC FTA negotiations.Till now,the two parties have held five rounds of negotiations and reached agreement on the majority of issues concerning trade in goods.Negotiations on trade in services are also launched in the FTA negotiation between China and GCC.
- 24 The formal negotiations for the China-South Korea FTA were launched in May 2012,with the latest sixth round of negotiation held in early July 2013 at Busan,Korea.
- 25 China,Japan and Korea are all important economies in East Asia.In 2012,the three countries’combined gross domestic product totaled 15 trillion U.S.,accounting for about 20%of the world's total and 70% of Asia's total.The second round of China-Japan-Korea FTA negotiations were held in Shanghai during late July to early August,2013.The third talk will be held in Japan by the end of 2013.
- 26 Norway is one of China's important trading partners in Northern Europe.The first round of negotiations on the China-Norway FTA was successfully held in Oslo,Norway,on September 18,2008.Both parties have held 8 rounds of negotiation on FTA.
- 27 In 2003,China and India established a Joint Study Group to examine the potential for economic engagement between the two countries.In October 2007,the Joint Task Force finalized its report on the feasibility of the China-India Regional Trading Arrangement(RTA),according to which the China-India RTA will be mutually advantageous.Both sides then agreed to explore the possibility of commencing discussions on a RTA that meets the common aspirations of both countries.
- 28 The Bangkok Agreement,signed in 1975 as an initiative of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(UNESCAP),is a preferential trade arrangement among developing countries.On November 2,2005,the Agreement was renamed as the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement.Signatories so far include China,Bangladesh,India,Lao,Republic of Korea and Sri Lanka.At present,the fourth round of APTA negotiation is underway involving tariff concessions of trade in goods,trade in services,investment,trade facilitation,and non-tariff measures,etc.
- 29 Supra note 3.
- 30 The General Agreement on Trade and Service,article V(Economic Integration).This article functions as GATT article XXIV(Free Trade Area and Custom Unions),provides an exception to MFN principle and permits regional trade liberalization.
- 31 Id.,article V bis(Labour Markets Integration Agreements).
- 32 Id.,article I(1).
- 33 China-ASEAN Service FTA,article 2(1).
- 34 China-Chile Services FTA,article 1.
- 35 Supra note 33,article 2(a).The General Agreement on Trade and Service defines“government services”as“a service supplied in the exercise of governmental authority”means any service which is supplied neither on a commercial basis nor in competition with one or more service suppliers.See Supra note 30,article I(3).
- 36 Id.,article 2(b).
- 37 The General Agreement on Trade and Service shall not apply to measures affecting traffic rights,however granted;or service directly related to the exercise of traffic rights.See Annex on Air Transport Services,article 2.
- 38 China-Pakistan Services FTA,article 2(2);and China-New Zealand FTA,article 105(2)and(3).
- 39 For greater certainty,these includes,in respect of agreements on the liberalization of trade in goods or services or investment,any measures taken as part of a wider process of economic integration or trade liberalization between the parties to such agreements.See China-New Zealand FTA,supra note 38 ,article 107.
- 40 China-Switzerland FTA,article 8.3.
- 41 Cross-Straits Services Agreement,article 4.
- 42 Supra note 32,article VI.
- 43 Supra note 40,article 8.7;China-Singapore FTA,article 65;supra note 33,article 5;supra note39 ,article 111.
- 44 China-Iceland FTA,article 73.
- 45 Supra note 33,article 5(1)and 5(6).
- 46 China-Costa Rica FTA,article 96,China-Peru FTA,article 110.
- 47 Supra note 34,article 6(5);China-Pakistan Services FTA,supra note 38,article 5(4).
- 48 China-Singapore FTA,supra note 43,article 66;supra note 40,article 8.8;supra note 33,article 6;China-Peru FTA,supra note 46,article 111;China-New Zealand FTA,supra note 38,article 112.
- 49 General Agreement on Trade and Service,article VII.
- 50 Supra note 44,article 74.
- 51 Supra note 34,article 7;China-Costa Rica FTA,supra note 46,article 97;China-Peru FTA,supra note46 ,article 111;supra note 33,article 6;China-Pakistan Services FTA,supra note 38,article 6.
- 52 China-New Zealand FTA,supra note 38,article 113;China-Singapore FTA,supra note 43,article 67.
- 53 The General Agreement on Trade and Service defines“monopoly supplier of a service”as“any person,public or private,which in the relevant market of the territory of a Member is authorized or established formally or in effect by that Member as the sole supplier of that service”.See supra note 30 ,article XXVIII.
- 54 CEPAs,China-Chile Services FTA,China-Costa Rica FTA,and China-Peru FTA do not contain the provisions on regulations.
- 55Supra note 44,articles 76 and 77;supra note 41,article 7;China-Pakistan Services FTA,supra note 38,articles 7 and 8;and supra note 40,articles 8.10 and 8.11.
- 56 China-New Zealand FTA,Supra note 38,article 123(this FTA does not contain the regulation on business practice);Supra note 33,articles 7 and 8;China-Singapore FTA,Supra note 43,articles69 and 70.
- 57 CHRIST,BENEDICT F.AND PANIZZON,MARION,COMMENTARY OF GATS ARTICLE XI:PAYMENTS AND TRANSFERS,in MAX PLANCK COMMENTARIES ON WORLD TRADE LAW,WTO-TRADE IN SERVICES,vol.6,at 245-257(Rüdiger Wolfrum,Peter-Tobias Stoll and Clemens Feinugle,eds.,Leiden/Boston:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2008),at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1549530(Last visited on August 20,2013).
- 58 Supra note 34,articles 80 and 81;China-Pakistan Services FTA,supra note 38,articles 10 and11 ;supra note 40,articles 8.10 and 8.11;China-New Zealand FTA,supra note 38,articles 114 and202 ;supra note 33,articles 10 and 11;China-Singapore FTA,supra note 43,articles 72 and 107.
- 59 China-Costa Rica FTA,supra note 46,articles 98 and 163;China-Peru FTA,supra note 46 articles 112.
- 60 Supra note 41,articles 9 and 10.
- 61 Supra note 44,article 89;supra note 33,article 31;China-Singapore FTA,supra note 43,article 75.
- 62 Supra note 34,article 10;China-Peru FTA,supra note 46,article 113;China-Costa Rica FTA,supra note 46,article 99;China-Pakistan Services FTA,supra note 38,article 24;China-Singapore FTA,supra note 43,article 115.
- 63 CEPA,Annex 5;supra note 41,Annex 2.These annexes define“service suppliers”,“substantive business operation”,etc.
- 64 Supra note 40,article 8.2.
- 65 The General Agreement on Trade and Service provides four modes by which services can be supplied internationally,i.e.,cross-border supply(mode 1);consumption abroad(mode 2);commercial presence(mode 3);movement of natural persons(mode 4).See supra note 30,article I(scope and definitions).
- 66 Supra note 30,article XVI(Market Access),article XVII(National Treatment),article XVIII(Additional Commitments),article XX(Schedules of specific commitments),and article XXI(Modification of Schedules).
- 67 Much ink has been placed on the literature to annotate the GATS clauses,see GUIDE TO THE GATS-AN OVERVIEW OF ISSUES FOR FURTHER LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES,at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/guide_gats_e.htm(Last visited on September 4,2013);WTO-TRADE IN SERVICES,in MAX PLANCK COMMENTARIES ON WORLD TRADE LAW(Rudiger Wolfrum eds.,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2008);JUAN A.MARCHETTI AND MARTIN ROY,OPENING MARKETS FOR TRADE IN SERVICES:COUNTRIES AND SECTORS IN BILATERAL AND WTO NEGOTIATIONS(Cambridge Press,2009);and BERNARD HOEKMAN,THE WTO AND TRADE IN SERVICES(Edward-Elgar Publishing,2012).
- 68 AADITYA MATTOO,CHINA'S ACCESSION TO THE WTO:THE SERVICES DIMENSION,at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/mattoo_services.pdf(Lastvisited on September 4,2013).
- 69 WTO,The People's Republic of China-Schedule of Specific Commitments,GATS/SC/135,Feb.14,2002.
- 70 Supra note 65.
- 71Id.
- 72 Supra note 8,Schedules of Specific Commitments.
- 73 CHINA-PAKISTAN AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enpakistan.shtml(Last visited on August 25,2013).
- 74 SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES OF THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN CHINA AND CHILE,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enchile.shtml(Last visited onAugust 25,2013).
- 75 SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENTS TO THE CEPAS,at http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enhongkong.shtml and http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enmacau.shtml(Last visited on August 29,2013).
- 76 Supra note 14,Annex 8.
- 77 Supra note 17,Annex 5A and 5B.
- 78Supra note 18,Annex 6A and 6B.
- 79 CHINA-ICELAND FTA,Annex 7 and 8,at http://www.mfa.is/foreign-policy/trade/free-trade-agreement-between-iceland-and-china/(Last visited on August 30,2013).
- 80 Supra note 21,Annex 6.
- 81 Martin Roy,supra note 3,5-6.
- 82Hoekman and Mattoo,supra note 2.
- 83 Id.
- 84 Martin Roy,supra note 3,5-14.
- 85 The TPP negotiations began in March 2010 and currently involve 12 countries:Australia,Brunei,Chile,Malaysia,New Zealand,Peru,Singapore,the U.S.,Vietnam,Canada,Mexico,and Japan.
- 86 The TISA aims to improve and expand worldwide services trade through negotiations among 48 of the 159 WTO Members currently participating,including all European Union member states.The group now includes Australia,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,the EU,Hong Kong,Iceland,Israel,Japan,Liechtenstein,Mexico,New Zealand,Norway,Pakistan,Panama,Peru,South Korea,Switzerland,Taiwan,Turkey,and the U.S.
