摘要(Abstract)：
五项和平共处原则是中国外交政策的根本和基础。在对外关系以及国际关系中,中国也历来主张和坚持国际法上"不干涉内政原则"。然而,针对世界上一些国家内部发生的大规模屠杀平民的犯罪行为,加拿大"国家主权与干涉国际委员会"于2001年发表了关于国家保护责任的报告,主张国际社会在一国发生大规模屠杀平民的犯罪行为时,有权介入并予以制止。加拿大的报告一经提出,就在世界范围内引起广泛的关注和讨论。对于其中强调的国家保护责任,2005年世界首脑会议宣言及联合国安理会的决议都予以了肯定。当国际社会讨论该如何应对利比亚和叙利亚局势时,也将履行国家保护责任作为讨论的基础和依据。不过,由于保护责任涉及到使用武力和军事干涉,因而完全有理由怀疑它会被用来作为干涉它国的借口。在现今国际关系中,如何在坚持国际法上不干涉他国内政原则的同时、又能预防和制止一国针对平民的大规模屠杀,这对中国的传统外交政策来说是一个挑战。
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作者(Author): 朱文奇;
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参考文献(References)：
- 1 UN Doc. S /2012. 538 ( 2012) .
- 2 UN Doc. S / PV. 6810 ( 19 July 2012) .
- 3 Id.
- 4 For the discussion and voting record on the session of October 2011,see UN Doc. S / PV. 6627.
- 5 Id.
- 6 INTERNATIONAL LAW,at 32( Wang Tieya ed. ,Legal Press 1982) .
- 7 See Constitution of the People's Republic of China,4 December 1982,adopted by the National People's Congress, online: The National People's Congress: http: / / www. npc. gov. cn / englishnpc / Constitution / node_2825. htm ( last visited Jan. 11,2013) .
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- 10 Id.
- 11 LOUIS HENKIS,INTERNATIONAL LAW: POLITICS AND VALUES,at 90 ( Zhang Nagen et al trans. ,China University of Political Science and Law 2004) .
- 12 This Chinese position can often be found in its discussion in the UN General Assembly and in the UN Security Council.
- 13 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,October 1970,Article 1
- 14 Supra note 8,30 - 31.
- 15 The Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations.
- 16 Reports of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 3 of resolution 935 ( 1994) of 1 July 1994 , UN Doc S /1994 /879 and UN Doc S /1994 /906; The Special Rapporteur for Rwanda of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights,UN Doc S /1994 /1157,annex I and annex II .
- 17 Id.
- 18 UN SC Res. 1160 ( 31 March 1998) ; SC Res. 1199 ( 23 September 1998) and SC Res. 1203 ( 24 October,1998) .
- 19 Speech by Kofi Annan at the 54th Session of the UN General Assembly,20 September 1999.
- 20 Id.
- 21 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERVENTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY, THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT,Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty,Ottawa,International Development Research Centre 2001.
- 22 “Basic Principles”in“SYNOPSIS”,Id.,xi.
- 23 “Elements”in“SYNOPSIS”,Id.
- 24 Id.
- 25 Id.,17.
- 26 A MORE SECURE WORLD: OUR SHARED RESPONSIBILITY,the Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats,Challenges and Change,UN Document. A /59. 565,2004.
- 27 See 2005 World Summit Outcome,UN Doc. A /60 / L . 1.
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- 29 The UN Doc. S / PV. 3217 ( May 25,1993) ,33.
- 30 Id.
- 31 Id.
- 32 Mr. Pasteur Bizimungu,the President of Rwanda,said in his address to the General Assembly that “it is absolutely urgent that this international tribunal be established”,at 5 ( Official Records of the General Assembly,Forty-ninth Session,Plenary Meetings,21st meeting ) . See also: UN Doc. S / PV. 3452 ( November 8,1994) .
- 33 UN Doc. S / PV. 3452 ( 8 November 1994) .
- 34 Id.
- 35 UN Doc. S / RES /1674 ( 28 April 2006) .
- 36 Id.
- 37 UN Doc. SC Res 1706 ( 25 August 2006) .
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- 39 UN Doc: SC Resolution 1973 ( 17 March 2011) .
- 40 The first was in reference to the situation in Darfur. See UN Doc. SC Res 1706 ( 25 August 2006) .
- 41 UN Doc. S / PV. 6491 ( 26 February 2011) .
- 42 Id .
- 43 UN Doc. S / PV. 6498 ( 17 March 2011) .
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- 46 UN Doc. S / PV 6498 ( 17 March 2011) .
- 47 UN Doc. S / PV 6491 ( 26 February 2011) .
- 48 UN Doc. S / PV 6528 ( 4 May 2011 ) .
- 49 Id.
- 50 UN Doc. S / PV 5619 ( 2007) .
- 51 UN Doc. S / PV 6531 ( 10 May 2011) .
- 52 UN Doc. S / PV 6528 ( 4 May 2011) .
- 53 Id.
- 54 UN Doc. S /2011 /612 ( 4 October 2011) .
- 55 All the citations in this paragraph are from: UN Doc S / PV. 6627 ( 4 October 2011) .
- 56 Id.
- 57 These States are: Bahrain,Colombia,Egypt,France,Germany,Jordan,Kuwait,Libya,Morocco, Oman,Portugal,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,Togo,Tunisia,Turkey,the United Arab Emirates,the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. See: UN Doc. S / PV. 6627 ( 4 February 2012) .
- 58 UN Doc. S /2012 /77 ( 4 February 2012) .
- 59 Id.
- 60 These five States are: France,Germany,Portugal,United Kingdom and United States See UN Doc. S /2012 /538 ( 19 July 2012) .
- 61 Id.
- 62 Statement made by Russia,Id.
- 63 YU LINTAO,supra note 44,14 - 15.
- 64 Id.
- 65 Statement by H. E. Maria Luiza Ribiero Viotti,Permanent Representative of Brazil,at the General Assembly informal dialogue on the Responsibility to protect,23 July 2009.
- 66 See for example,UN Doc. s / pv. 6810 ( 19 July 2012) .
- 67 LOUIS HENKIS,supra note 11,120.
- 68 YU LINTAO,supra note 44,14 - 15.
